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LIBRPRY OF CONGRESS 



020 933 431 8 




u.j. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

II 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Field Division 




tlcw/^;i.i»t.U. ^.al «.9^j«tr«.'e^T3 October 1, 1918. 

To the several State Councils of Defense: 

The Field Division of the Council of National Defense, in taking over the executive 
activities of the State Councils Section and the Woman s Committee of the Council of 
National Defense, will begin a new series of bulletins and circulars. The activities, which 
the Council of National Defense, through the State Councils Section, has asked the 
State Councils of Defense to undertake, are, of course, unaffected by this change and 
should be prosecuted virorously by the State Councils. The important activities, and 
the suggestions which the Council of National Defense has made for carrying out these 
programs, are summarized in the following outlines. 

Are you using every activity here recommended which is adapted to your local con- 
ditions? Are you undertaking the additional activities demanded by your local needs? 
If, not, the Federal Departments and War Administrations will be limited in the service 
which they may receive from you, and will be forced to institute independent machinery 
in your State. 

We ask your careful consideration of this outline of important State Council work. 
We are always ready to supplement our general service with special information and 
suggestions relating to particular problems. 
Very truly, yours, 

G. B. CLARKSON, 

Director of Field Division. 



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(I. C. A. U) 



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NOV 19 m^ 



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IMPORTANT STATE COUNCIL WORK. 
FUNCTIONS. 



The President of the United States has written to the Secretary of War, suggesting that 
he communicate with the heads of all Federal Departments and Administrations the wish of 
the President, that when they are considering extension of their organization in the States, or 
new work to be done in the States, they determine carefully whether they can not utilize the 
State Council system, thus rendering unnecessary the creation of new machineiy, and that they 
transmit all requests for action by the State Councils through the Council of National Defense. 
(See I. C. A. No. 12.) 

The primary functions of the State Council of Defense are, therefore — 

1. To perform on behalf of the Federal Government such of its war work in the State as 
does not rquire the creation of a separate administrative organization extending into the small 
communities. 

2. To perform on behalf of the representatives of those Federal Departments and Adminis- 
trations having organizations extending throughout the States such of their war work as they 
feel can be performed by the State Council organization. 

3. To perform such independent activities as will enable the State to contribute most fuUy 
to the welfare of the Nation and of its own citizens in the prosecution of the war. 

4. To centralize and coordinate the war work of the State. 

In order to fulfill these functions it is essential that the State Council of Defense create an 
adequate organization for reaching the people and directing their efforts, and biiild up and main- 
tain the public morale. To create and direct Local Councils of Defense is, therefore, essential 
to the execution of all the functions of the State Council of Defense. 

By creating this organization and performing these functions the State Council saves the 
Nation the tremendous expense of creating elaborate new administrations for the performance 
of new war activities and also, in the conduct of the work of its established administrations, the 
expense of creating or maintaining many parallel organizations where a common machine can 
more efficiently serve them all. The efficiency of the United States war work within this 
country, therefore, to a large extent depends upon the State Council of Defense. 

As the official representative of the Council of National Defense the State Council of Defense 

bears vital relationship to the Council of National Defense and should maintain close contact 

with it. 

ORGANIZATION. 

LEGISLATIVE ESTABLISHMENT AND APPROPRIATION. 

The Council of National Defense recommends the enactment of a statute providing for a 
State Council of Defense and endowing it with broad powers and adequate funds. Twenty- 
four State Councils aie at present statutory. States whose legislatures will meet during 1919 
should make plans toward legislative establishments and have ready a statute before the legis- 
lature convenes. "Suggestions for a Statute Creating a State Council of Defense" may be 
had on application. ^ 

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION. 

F(yrm of Organization. — A Council of small membership, or a laige Council managed by a 
small executive committee, has proved most effective. It is important that meetings be called 
frequently — weekly, if possible — in order that opportunities and requests for State Council 

(3) 



work and emergency matters may be acted on promptly, that committees may repoit frequently 
on work undertaken, and that the work of the Council may be kept constantly under way. 

Departments and Committees. — The far-reaching scope of the State Council organization 
requires that the work be apportioned among committees. Committees shoiild be appointed, 
however, only when there is definite woik for them to do. Each committee should stand for 
some specific activity or group of activities in charge of one member acting in an executive 
capacity. This member should be a person with adequate time to give to the work. Women 
should be included in the membership of all committees. 

Executive Secretary. — It is of first importance to coordinate the work of the various com- 
mittees under a single guiding hand and to make one man responsible for the executive work 
of the Council by the appointment of a paid director or executive secretary. 

Negroes. — The Council of National Defense has recommended that the State Councils in 
the States with large Negro population take the lead in organizing Negroes for Council of 
Defense and other war work and that they confer with the representatives of the other Federal 
agencies concerned, so that all work relating to Negroes may be done through" a single Negro 
organization affiliated with the State Council of Defense. It is important that such Council of 
Defense programs as apply to Negro activity should be called to the attention of its Negi'o 
organization by the State Council. (See General Letters No. 117, Partial Letters Nos. 32 and 34.) 



LOCAL ORGANIZATION. 



Importance. — Complete local organization extending through the county to the small 
community where the individual may be reached directly is essential to successful State Council 
work. President Wilson in commenting upon the State Councils system in his letter of July 
30th, said: "I am particularly struck by the value of extending our defense organization into 
the smallest communities and by the truly democratic character of a national system so organ- 
ized." (See I. C. A. No. 12.) 



METHOD. 



County Councils of Defense. — These have been completely oj-ganized for some months in 
nearly every State in the Union. County Councils, in addition to their direct work, are 
important as distributing agencies of State Councils in reaching Commimity Coimcils. In 
order to maintain County Councils at their fullest efficiency, their development and work must 
be closely followed up by the State Councils. The State Councils are responsible not only for 
developing and dhecting the work of County Councils, but also for supptying them with 
information, advice, and assistance in their various activities. The County Councils should 
be made to feel that the State Councils are their most accessible sources of information and aid 
concerning all programs, Federal as well as State or local. All bulletins and circulars of the 
Council of National Defense of importance to County Councils should be rebuUetinized for 
them by the State Council. Joint meetings of the State Councils with the County Councils 
for the State at large or for certain areas, frequent reports to the State Council and the prep- 
aration of comprehensive reviews of the organization and duties of the County Councils, all 
are valuable for this purpose. (See County Council Circular.) 

Cmnmunity Councils of Defense. — To reach and mobilize the individual citizens effectively, 
Councils subsidiary to County Councils are indispensable. The Council of National Defense 
has m-ged the formation of Community Councils of Defense throughout each State. About 
20 State Councils report 100 per cent Community Council organization. 

The Community Council of Defense is not merely a committee as is the State or County 
Council; it is the community itself with all its citizens and agencies organized for national 
service. Without the Community Councils of Defense the channels of communication of 



State and County Councils would in a measure empty into the air; with them the Federal Gov- 
ernment may reach every individual in every community, and through them every individual 
may find his place in the work of the war. In his letter to the Chairman of State Councils 
President Wilson refers to the creation of Community Councils thus: "It wiU, I believe, result 
when thorouglily carried out in Avelding the Nation together as no nation of great size has 
ever been welded before. It wiU build up from the bottom an understanding and sympathy 
and unity of purpose and effort which will, no doubt, have an immediate and decisive effect 
upon our great undertaking." 

The Council of National Defense is alwaj-s ready to give information on the organization 
of Community Councils, and to send copies of its programs to all County Councils or to provide 
copies in large numbers to the State Councils for distribution. (See I. C. A. Nos. 7 and 9; also 
Bulletins Nos. 83, 88, 105, 106, and General Lettere Nos. 73, SO, and 89.) 

CENTRALIZATION OP STATE WAR WORK. 

State War Board. — The Council of National Defense has recommended that each State 
Council of Defense caU at regular intervals conferences of the State representatives of the 
different Federal Departments and Administrations carrying on work connected with the 
prosecution of the war. These meetmgs are for. the purpose of free round-table discussions 
to make clear to all the general scope of work conducted by each agency represented. The 
discussions should give information which should prevent new lines of work being started 
and organizations created that would duphcate unnecessarily those under way. It should 
also bring out instances of duplication or conflict. These conferences should be informal for. 
purposes of consultation. It is suggested that the active head of the State Council should 
act as Chairman. 

This recommendation has been approved by the following Federal Departments and 
War Administrations and their representatives should be included in such war board meetings: 
Treasury Department, Department of Agriculture, Department of Labor, the Woman's Com- 
mittee of the Council of National Defense, Food Administration, Fuel Administration, American 
Red Cross, and the Four Minute Men. (See General Letter No. 71.) 

County War Boards. — Such conferences should also be held by the County Councils of 
Defense in connection with the county representatives of the various departments above hsted. 
In several States such County War Board meetings have ah-eady been instituted with great 
success. 

Centralization of Offices. — As many'as possible of the official war agencies in the State or 
county should be housed together, so that one building may be known as the official war office 
for the locality. It is often practicable to have a central office force do the work of the several 
different war agencies. The fact that the drives of the different agencies are scheduled so as 
to prevent conflict makes a common office force feasible, especially in the county organization. 
(See General Letter No.'71.) 

COORDINATION OF VOLUNTARY AGENCIES. 

Many voluntary organizations and societies have been created or have been enlarged to 
undertake various types of war work. The Council of National Defense has adopted a resolu- 
tion requesting the State Council to act as the central coordinating agency for all such voluntary 
patriotic war work within the State. It is also requested that the State Council endeavor to 
concentrate the patriotic activity of the citizens of the State in as few organizations as possible 
so as to prevent the growth of new and duphcating voluntary societies which will hinder rather 
than help the efficient mobilization of the Nation for war service. (See General Letters Nos. 
81 and 91; Bulletin No. 73, supplemented by Bulletin No. 76.) To accomphsh tliis, the follow- 
ing plans, proved successful in some States,[are suggested : 



Organization of committees composed of representatives of such agencies, acting as a 
coordinating committee of the State Councih This plan has been adopted by several State 
Councils and by the State Divisions of the Woman's Committee in every State. 

Enrollment of all patriotic societies in the State by the State Council, appointment of 
representatives of such societies, and conferences with such representatives as to their work. 

Assignment by the State Councils of definite war tasks to specific voluntary agencies in 
the State particularly fitted to assume them. 

Cam.-paigns for funds. — Campaigns for funds fall into two main divisions: 

1. The three major campaigns (a) the Liberty Loans, (&) the American Red Cross, (c) 
the United War Work Campaign, comprising the Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., the National 
Catholic War Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, the War Camp Community Service, the 
American Library Association, and the Salvation Ai-my. 

2. The numerous unrelated solicitations of minor voluntary war relief and welfare 
organizations. 

In connection with the three major campaigns for funds, the task of the Councils is to give 
every assistance, placing their entire State and local machinery at the disposal of the committee 
in charge of the respective campaigns; to enhst pubhc support behind each specific cam- 
paign; and, where appropriate arrangements are made with the organization in charge, to take 
active part in the solicitation as well. (See Bulletin No. 115.) 

In connection with the unrelated sohcitations of voluntary relief organizations, the CouncU 
of National Defense urges the State Councils to undertake some adequate method of super- 
vision. (See Bulletins Nos. 78 and 80 and General Letter No. 43.) State Council supervision 
should provide for — 

1. Concentration and reduction, as far as possible, of campaigns to collect funds for war 
rehef. (See General Letter No. 133.) 

2. Ehmination, so far as possible, of fraudulent organizations or those dupUcating the work 
of already well-recognized and efficient organizations. (See General Letters Nos. 81, 82, and 91.) 

3. Opportunity for each individual citizen to contribute to war relief. No citizen should, 
however, be forced to give. 

The following method is recommended for the control of the collection of funds and has 
been put into successful operation by several State Councils: 

Giving wide pubhcity to the resolution of the Council of National Defense. 

CaUing upon all war-relief organizations within the State to report to the State Coimcil as 
to their organization, expenditures, and work. 

Preparing and advertising widely on the basis of these reports a fist of societies recommended 
by the State CouncU as worthy of financial support. 

STATE COUNCIL WORK. 
MORALE. 

Upon the morale of the individual citizen depends the success of State Council work, and 
of aU Federal war programs in the State. This popular credit upon wliich the Nation must 
draw to perform the work of the war, it is the especial task of the State CouncUs to create. 
Estabhshing a satisfactory morale needs more than mere propaganda. It involves stirring 
into galvanic energy the latent enthusiasm and enterprise of the people of the Nation. Well- 
oi^anized CouncU of Defense systems, terminatmg in a complete series of Community Councils, 
can reach personally every citizen in the country and bring him into vital contact with the war 
aims and needs of the Government. They can give every citizen a part in the war work of the 
Nation and can keep him suppUed with practical information on the war, thus defeating apathy. 



ignorance, and discouragement. In all phases of State Council activity the question of civilian 
morale must be of first consideration. It is more definite and apparent in Organization, Pub- 
licity and War Information, Americanization, Loyalty, and Sedition. 

PUBLICITY AND WAR INFORMATION. 

Means of State Council Publicity are summarized in detail in various circulars. (Informa- 
tion Circular No. 21, I. C. A. No. 13.) 

In general, they include : 

Press Information. — The employment of a salaried press man with newspaper experience is 
essential. It has been found effective to have a man on every large newspaper in the State 
designated to act as a special representative of the Publicity Department of the State Council. 
Conferences of newspaper editors are often useful. (See General Letter No. 31.) 

The foreign-language press is a valuable newspaper publicity agency. Work with foreign- 
language publications should be done in cooperation with the State Council Americanization 
Committee. In addition to systematic releases to foreign-language papers, the Coimcils of 
Defense may profitably issue handbills and posters in foreign languages on various topics of war 
interest. (See I. C. A. No. 11, and General Letter No. 131.) 

SPEAKING. 

Speakers Bureau. — The task of a State Covmcil Speakers Bureau is to organize patriotic 
meetings, place speakers at such meetings, keep the speakers of the State fully and explicitly 
informed on all matters which the State Council wishes to lay before the people, and conduct 
speaking campaigns to reach even the remotest commimities. 

Four Minute Men. — The Four Minute Men should be associated as closely as possible with 
the Speakers Bureau and given full support in the States. (See I. C. A. No. 13, and General 
Letter No. 143.) 

PUBUC PATRIOTIC MEETINGS. 

War Conferences. — War conferences have been held in nearly all States tmder the Speakers 
Bureau of the State Coimcil acting with the Coimcil of National Defense and the Committee on 
Pubhc Information. 

Liberty Choruses. — The organization of choruses to sing at Community Council meetings 
massmeetmgs, and rallies to get the whole community singing, and to bring the whole commimity 
into the Community Council, is urged. The Comicil of National Defense recommends the 
appointment of a State musical director by the State Coimcil of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 103, 
and General Letter No. 129.) 

State Fairs. — Exhibits of the State Council ami the Woman's Divisions at State and other 
fairs afford a very effective means of enhsting pubUc interest in their work. (See General 
Letter No. 103.) 

State Council Periodicals. — Periodicals issued at regidar intervals and containing news 
from State and Coimty Coimcils and news from the various departments at Washington are 
excellent means of stimulating Coimcil of Defense work. They should be circulated among 
all Local Councils of Defense and prominent citizens interested in war work. 

Miscellaneous. — There are numerous other means of publicity, including posters, pam- 
phlets, official State Coimcil bulletin boards; farm journals and trade papers; the libraries, 
through the State Library Director of the Food Administration; the schools; and the assistance 
of special professions, such as the clergy, physicians, and judges, and of special groups such as 
fraternal, conamercial, and trade associations. (See I. C. A. No. 13.) 



WORK WITH THE FOREIGN BORN— AMERICANIZATION. 

Importance. — There are in the United States approximately 13,000,000 foreign born. 
Americanization is, therefore, one of the most important of the war activities; upon it depends 
the solution of many of the most vital and difficult problems of civilian and military morale, 
of labor, of war manufacture, and of sedition. 

The United States Bureaus of Education and Naturalization, acting with the Coimcil of 
Defense, have designated the State Coimcils their official agencies for coordinating all war 
emergency Americanization work in the States. State Councils are responsible for correlating, 
directing, and supplementing whatever work is being done in the State to motdd our native 
and foreign born into a truly unified nation. The work should be done so far as possible through 
existing agencies. (See Bulletins Nos. 86 and 91.) 

State Committee. — The first step in State Coimcil Americanization work is the appointment 
jointly with the Woman's Division, of a State Committee on Americanization, and local com- 
mittees in every town containing over 500 foreign-born residents. (See Bulletin No. 112 and 
G. L. No. 160.) These committees should always include representatives of the foreign born. 
The chief functions of a State Americanization Committee should be to — 

1. Thoroughly inform itself through a preliminary survey as to the problem in its State 
and the various agencies already engaged in the work with the foreign born. 

2. Correlate the many agencies engaged in Americanization work through State and local 
periodic conferences of their representatives, and through a central coordinating conference of 
these representatives and representatives of the foreign-born groups. 

(See General Letters No. 52 and 111, and Bulletin No. 108.) 

Conduct a campaign for instruction in the English language through — 

(a) Public school classes in Enghsh for every group of 20 foreign-speaking people who 

desire it. (See Bulletin No. 108.) 

(b) Supplementary classes in Enghsh m factories at the noon hour and in night schools 

and settlements. 

(c) Extension work in the homes to reach foreign-born women. 

(d) Extension work through cooking and similar classes for women. 

4. Provide for adequate citizenship traming classes for all who have taken out their first 
papers, and personal contact with such future citizens to encourage them to become American 
citizens. (See Bulletin No. 91.) 

5. Establish war-information bureaus in all communities where there are many foreign- 
born residents. These bureaus should be equipped to furnish to the foreign born accurate 
information about the war and the problems arishig from it. (Bulletin No. 92.) 

6. Give full press and speakers' publicity, including editorials in foreign languages, trans- 
lations of important speeches and laws relatmg to the foreign born, addresses to the foreign 
born by speakers in their own languages, address by speakers in the various foreign languages 
in factories during the noon hours, in schools, and in libraries. 

MEASURES OF ECONOMY. 

Modem warfare is largely a contest in endurance. In the long nm, therefore, our continued 
successful prosecution of the war depends upon our efficient economy now. In all directions 
rigid economy should be promoted by the State Council. 

General Campaign for Personal Thrift and Economy. — The necessity for nation-wide personal 
thrift and economy must be stressed repeatedly in State Coimcil annoimcements. Each dollar 
wasted means one dollar less to loan to the Government and one dollar's worth of labor taken 
from vital war work. This is work which is to continue throughout the war and is one of 



the most valuable civilian contributions to American success. (See Bulletin No. 94 and General 
Letter No. 97.) 

Christmas Buying. — The Council of National Defense has emphasized the necessity of 
restricting Chi'istmas buying in order to save labor and material in the manufactui'e and sale 
of Christmas gifts and to save transportation and deliveiy facilities involved in a large volume 
of Christmas purchases. An agreement has been effected with representatives of the retail 
trade to the end that the merchants will not increase their working force or working hours by 
reason of holiday business, and that they will encourage the early buying of useful gifts only. 
State Councils are urged to give this agreement wide publicity during the fall of 1918. 

Curtailment of Retail Deliveries. — In order to release labor and to save equipment, State 
Councils are asked to push the deliveries campaign of the Conservation Division of the War 
Industries Board (formerly the Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National Defense) 
which calls for the restriction of deliveries to one per day over each route, the elimination of 
special deliveries, and the restriction of return privileges, and also the encom-agement of the 
establishment of cooperative deliveiy systems wherever possible, especially in the small towns. 
Each State Council should designate some person to act under its authority and to have this 
campaign especially in chaige. (See General Letter No. S6 and Bulletins Nos. 42, 47, and 58.) 

State Council Commercial Economy Programs. — There are a number of fields in which 
commercial adjustments may promote economy, but in which national programs are not 
practicable. State Councils thi'ough their commercial economy representatives should develop 
State or local programs to meet specific local needs. 

Discouragement of New Construction. — State and Local Councils of Defense are asked to pass 
upon cases of proposed construction as part of the plan of the War Industries Board which 
requires that a permit issued by the War Industries Board shall be obtained before any con- 
struction is undertaken. The manufacturers of building materials are pledged not to furnish 
materials unless such a permit is shown. An application for a construction permit should be 
made under oath to the local representatives of the State Council of Defense, presumably the 
County Council of Defense, who should investigate and refer the matter with a recommendation 
to the State Council of Defense. The State Council of Defense should appoint a committee on 
proposed construction, to keep in touch with the Local Councils and also with the War Indus- 
tries Board, and to act as the communicating agency between the Local Councils and the War 
Industries Board. Wlierever the State Council decides in favor of the proposed construction, 
the matter should be referred to the War Industires Board, Section on Non-War Construction, 
which alone has power to issue constniction permits. All cases in which the State Council 
rules against the proposed constiuction should be reported monthly to the War Industries 
Board on forms provided by the Board. This function will constitute one of the most important 
and responsible duties of the State Councils of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 113.) 



FIKE PROTECTION. 



Prevention of Wasteful Fires — General Publicity. — Citizens should be warned concerning 
fire hazards and requested to exercise care in the prevention of fire. AH industrial plants and 
food repositories should l)e inspected by inspectors indorsed by the State CouncU. The fire 
apparatus of every town should be surveyed to aiTange for interchange of apparatus and to 
effect standardization of hose and hydrant couplings. (See Bulletin No. 11 and General Letter 
No. 45.) The State Council shoidd keep in close touch with the district foresters and field men 
of the United States Forestry Service in order to work with them in fii'e prevention. (See 
General Letter No. 152.) 



10 

FOOD. 

Production. — The methods of stimulating food production depend upon local conditions. 
Each State Council should, therefore, freely exercise its ingenuity in developing such resources. 
At the same time all food-production work should be tied up with the national food-production 
program announced by the United States Department of Agriculture. In order to accomplish 
this and to insure close woi-king relations with the Agriculture Extension Service throughout 
the State, constant contact should be maintained with the State Extension Director. (See 
Bulletin No. 87.) 

A campaign should be conducted in connection with the national fall planting program. 
(See Bulletin No. 110.) As soon as the general production program for 1919 is announced the 
planting campaign should be broadened. A campaign to increase silo construction is also 
possible. (See General Letter No. 137.) Each State Council should designate some person to 
have charge of the United States School Garden Army work in the State. (See General Letter 
No. 1.39.) Methods in the several fields of agriculture were suggested in General Letter No. 53 
and still serve as points of departure for new State measures. 

Conservation. — Active assistance should be rendered by State Councils to the United States 
Food Administration in all its campaigns and close working relationship should be established 
between the Home Demonstration Agents of the United States Department of Agrifculture and 
the Community Councils of Defense. (See Bulletin No. 114.) 

As suggested in General Letter No. 142, measures for the extermination of rats should be 
adopted by the State Councils. A particularly good opportunity for community campaigns 
will be found in crusades conducted by the Community Councils of Defense. 

FUEL. 

State Councils are asked to give active assistance to the State Fuel Administration in 
various conservation and distribution plans. These include the early purchase of winter fuel, 
the conservation of gasoline, the saving of fuel by economy in lighting and heating, and strict 
observance of the "lightless night" order. (See Bulletin No. 107 and General Letter No. 152.) 

The State Councils should cooperate with the agents of the United States Forest Service 
in encouraging the use of wood as fuel. (See General Letter No. 152.) 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Highways Transport. — In order to relieve freight congestion and to reduce food prices the 
more extensive use of motor trucks especially for short hauls is recommended by the Council 
of National Defense. The State Council should create a Highways Transport Committee to 
work in cooperation with the Highways Transport Committee of the Council of National 
Defense and study local conditions and develop as far as possible Return Loads Bureaus, and 
Rural Motor Express. (See Bulletin No. 90, and General Letters Nos. 62, 102, lOS, and 155A.) 

The United States Employment Service has authorized the State Council Highways 
Transport Committees to make preliminary decisions as to essential or nonessential labor in 
connection with all power or horse drawn vehicles. This constitutes an important function of 
the Highways Transport Committees and adds gieatly to the scope of their work. (See General 
Letter No. 155A.) 

FreigTit Congestion. — Tlie solution of freight-congestion problems is in the hands of the 
Railroad Administration. However, the State Councils can aid by the encouragement of 
economical measures of buying, such as the piu'chase of fertilizer in carload lots. (See General 
Letter No. 30 and Bulletin No. 34.) 

HigTiways. — Though nonessential road improvement is to be discouraged dming the war, 
State Councils should cooperate with State Highways Commissioners in seeing that essential 



11 

highways are maintained in good condition and cleared for use at all times. In order that the 
increased use of motor cars may be facilitated, it is particularly necessary that interstate 
roads, such as the Lincoln Highway, be kept in usable condition at all times. (See Bulletin 
No. 100.) 

LABOR. 

Opportunities for State Council Worlc. — The State Council should take advantage of local 
conditions to inaugurate independent activities for meeting the labor problems of the State. 
Instances of independent State Council activities are the requisitioning of county road crews 
for haying and thrashing (see Bulletin No. 46), the appointment of Local Housing Com- 
mittees, the mobilization of townspeople to work on adjacent farms, etc. Some States 'have 
found labor surveys, employment bureaus, and vagrancy measures useful and necessary. (See 
General Letters Nos. 136 and 147.) 

United States Employment Service. — ^To the United States Employment Service has been 
entrusted the task of recruiting and allocating unskilled labor. The State Council should coop- 
erate with the Department of Labor in this most important work. (See Bulletin No. 101 and 
General Letter No. 147.) 

Boijs' Worlcing Reserve. — The actual supervision and placement of members of the Boys' 
Working Reserve is in the hands of the State Division of the Boys' Working Reserve. State 
Councils should arrange with this branch of the Department of Labor, however, to assist 
them in all their work and particularly to provide preliminary training for the boys and to 
insure theh physical and moral welfare. (See Bulletins Nos. 43 and 93.) 

Housing. — States with a large industrial population should, in cooperation with the United 
States Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the Department of Labor, supervise 
the provision of adequate housing facilities, establish room registration bureaus, and under- 
take the prevention of rent profiteering. (See Bulletin No. 95, and Partial Letter No. 23.) 

PUBUC WELFARE. 

Vocational Education. — The Federal Board for Vocational Education has requested State 
Councils to join with State Boards for Vocational Education to provide emergency vocational 
training to meet the demand for technically skUled workers. The appointment of a Joint 
Advisory Committee for the promotion of vocational education under the provisions of the 
Smith-Hughes Act is strongly urged. (See Bulletin No. 104.) 

It has been suggested that State Councils consider the advisability of encouraging shop 
training of employees, following the plans of the Section on Industrial Training of the Council 
of National Defense. (See General Letter No. 128.) 

Maintenance of Educational Standards. — -The United States Bureau of Education urges the 
maintenance of a high educational standard in the primary and secondary schools of the country 
in order that the young people of to-day may be prepared to meet efficiently the complex con- 
ditions brought about by the war. State Councils should lend State and Local Boards of Edu- 
cation every assistance and should unite with Child Welfare Committee of the Woman's Divi- 
sions in their special drive. (See Bulletin No. 85.) 

Patriotic education in schools. — ^Arrangements should be made with Boards of Education 
to have patriotic exercises and brief studies of war news made a part of regular school work in 
every school. 

Public health. — The maintenance of pubhc health is a measure of national defense, espe- 
cially at a time when national efficiency demands that people be in better health and when at 
the same time curative facilities are depleted by the needs of the Military Establishment. The 
maintenance of public health is a matter for which Community Councils are particularly fitted. 
A public-health committee should be appointed in each Community Coimcil. It should consist 



12 

of representatives of all health and welfare organizations in the community, together with 
citizen representatives. This committee should constitute itself a clearing house for all and 
should work out arrangements to insure the maximum use of existing facilities and the estab- 
lishment of such new facilities (as clinics) as are urgently necessary in war time. At the same 
time the Community Council health committee should map out a local health program and 
should call a series of mass meetings to develop this program. Whenever the State Council 
develops a State public-health program, such local programs should be fitted into the State 
plan. 

Child ^^'€lfare. — Each successive drive of the Children's Year program should be heartily 
supported by the State Councils. (See General Letter No. 109, and Bulletin No. 85.) 

MEN IN SERVICE. 

Legal Advice to Men Entering and in the Militai'xj Service. — State Councils of Defense should 
create State Legal Committees. The duties of the State Legal Committee are to organize local 
Legal Committees, to prepare a booklet of State and Federal laws and legal rules for the guidance 
of local Legal Committees, and to draft proposed war emergency legislation on behalf of the 
State Council for the State Legislature. 

Local Legal Committees should be composed preferably of lawyers chosen from the mem- 
bership of permanent Legal Advisory Boards. They should see all men in Class 1 of the draft 
to impress upon them the necessity of preparing their afl'airs for theu' absence and to assist 
them in making the necessary preparations. The Local Legal Committees should also volun- 
teer their assistance to the American Red Cross Home Service Sections. (See Bulletin No. 84, 
General Letters Nos. 49, 55, 65, 67, and 123.) 

War-Risk Insurance.-— Thvou^ the Boards and through Legal Committees, the State 
Councils should thoroughly inform men about to enter military service in regard to the pro- 
visions and opportunities of the Federal War-Risk Insurance Law. (See Bulletin No. 116.) 
Claims for allotments and payments, however, should be referred to the appropriate Home 
Service Section of the American Red Cross. (See General Letters Nos. 67, 121, and 127.) 

Predraft Training. — State Councils have been asked to cooperate with the Draft Boards in 
organizing Boards of Instruction to work under the Draft Board, to see personally each Selective 
in order to make sure that he proceeds to camp willing, loyal, intelligent, clean, and sober, 
and to provide such meetings, classes, drills, and farewells as will assist in this general task. 

Where Boards of Instruction have not been appointed by Local Draft Boards, State Coun- 
cils, working through their County Councils, should explain to Draft Boards the necessity for 
such action and should make eveiy effort to bring Selectives together in meetings, at which 
they will be given instruction as to military opportunities, life in camp, personal hygiene, and 
the need of legal preparation. Where Boards of Instruction are appointed, State and County 
Councils should assist Local Draft Boards in furnishing Boards of Instruction necessary infor- 
mation and assistance in their work. State Councils should put their entire machinery at the 
service of the Boards of Instruction and should make sure that appropriate action is taken 
through the Board of Instruction or otherwise, to create in the Selectives a sound morale. 
(See Bulletin No. 89, and General Letters Nos. 76, 100, and Bulletin No. 102, which contains 
Gen. Crowder's recommendations concerning Boards of Instruction.) 

Commission on Training Camp Activities. — State Councils of Defense should cooperate with 
the Commission on Training Camp Activities in providing for the health, recreation, and wel- 
fare of the men in training camps. Suggestions for such State Council cooperation include the 
supplying of patriotic speakers for recreation meetings, the tying up of local councils of defense 
with the War Camp Community Service in their camp locahties, and their assistance in raising 



13 

funds for the work, assistance in maintaining health and moral conditions about the camps, 
correlation of voluntary societies worldng for the men in the camps, the supervision of the 
solicitation of funds by such voluntary agencies, and the provision of comforts and recreation 
facihties. (See Bulletin No. 81, and General Letters Nos. 73, 74, 96, 114, and 148.) 

Community Recognition of Distinguished Service. — State Coimcils should recommend to 
Coimty Councils that they and their Community Councils recognize distinguished service in 
establishing Honor Rolls, and by sending official letters of appreciation to men in the service 
who have been cited for heroism or distinguished service. The next of kin of the men whose 
names appear on the list of those who have given their lives for their country should also receive 
appropriate letters from the Local Council of Defense. (See Bulletins Nos. 81 and 106.) 

Relief. — The relief which is necessary as a result of war conditions is concerned largely 
with the dependents of soldiers and sailors. While this work is imder the jurisdiction of the 
American Red Cross, the State Councils should cooperate wherever possible. 

Loyalty aiid Sedition. — Secretary Baker in\vriting to the President said: "The State Coim- 
cils are now in a special sense the guardians of civilian morale in each State." The State 
Councils are urged constantly and strenuously to combat sedition and apathy by the one means 
of arousing loyalty. Among the most effective methods are — 

1. Drawing into some form of appropriate war work those members of the Community 
who through misunderstanding or kinship with our enemies are especially prone to disloyal 
tendencies or im.patriotic discontent. 

2. Personal contact and explanation (this is a deUcate task, imskilKul personal contact 
tends to foment sedition). 

3. Utilizing the existing publicity machinery of the State Coimcils to reach persons with 
disloyal tendencies. 

It is of first importance that State Councils should take a positive stand against the lawless 
treatment of persons suspected of disloyalty by local councils or by other agencies. To the 
Department of Justice is delegated the actual suppression of sedition by the arrest and prose- 
cution of the offenders. (See General Letters Nos. 113 and 138.) The State Councils can be 
of assistance by reporting to that Department all seditious acts and utterances that come to its 
attention. (See Bulletin No. 99.) 

Deserters and Delinquents. — The State Councils have been asked by the Adjutant General 
to supplement the work of the Department of Justice in the detection of deserters and draft 
deUnquents. (See General Letter No. 109.) 

Location of alien property. — The Alien Property Custodian has asked Councils of Defense 
to locate for them enemy owned property within the several States, reporting evidence, even 
though unverified, to the Council of National Defense for transmittal. (See Bulletin No. 96, 
and General Letter No. 120.) 

WAR FINANCE. 

Liberty Loans. — As the preparations for each Liberty Loan are developed. State Councils 
are expected to proffer their services to those in charge for their State, working out special 
methods of cooperation and active assistance as decided upon by representatives of the Liberty 
Loan organizations and the State Councils in conference. Particularly valuable work may be 
done by County and by Community Councils of Defense in reaching the people directly. (See 
Bulletins Nos. 50 and 62.) 

Sale or Exchange of Liberty Bonds. — State Councils should warn the public against exchang- 
ing Liberty Bonds for merchandise, calling attention to the fact that it is disapproved by the 
Treasury Department. Local Councils should investigate and report all offers to accept Liberty 
Bonds for merchandise and also for other bonds and corporate stocks. The sale of Liberty 
Bonds, except in case of special necessity, should be discouraged. (See General Letter No. 107.) 



14 

War Savings Stamps. — The continuous sale of War Savings Stamps will be important as 
long as the war lasts. The War Savings Committee is establishing War Savings Societies in 
small communities for the purposes of thrift and economy and the investment in War Savings 
Stamps. The growth of these societies should be promoted by County Councils of Defense and 
the societies as far as possible should be constituted auxiliaries of the Community Councils of 
Defense working through and with them. State Councils can also assist such continuous sales 
of stamps by devising ingenious publicity methods for keeping the matter always before the 
people of the State. In all this work it must be remembered that the main purpose is not to 
make immediate sales, but to inculcate the habit of personal thrift. (See General Letters Nos. 
92 and 149-A.) 

Copies of the bulletins, information circulars, general letters, and other material referred to 
in this outline, and full details as to any of the work outlined, may be had upon application to 
the Field Division of the Coimcil of National Defense, Washington, D. C. 

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